Oversimplification and Exaggeration Fallacies

Fallacy Name:Oversimplification and Exaggeration Alternative Names:Fallacy of Reduction Fallacy of Multiplication Category:Faulty Causation Explanation The causation fallacies known as oversimplification and exaggeration occur whenever the series of actual causes for an event is either reduced or multiplied to the point where there is no longer a genuine, causal connection between the alleged causes and the actual effect. In other words, multiple causes are reduced to just one or a few (oversimplification) or a couple of causes are multiplied into many (exaggeration). Also known as the reductive fallacy because it involves reducing the number of causes, oversimplification seems to occur more often, perhaps because there are so many ostensibly good reasons for simplifying things. Well-intentioned writers and speakers can readily fall into the trap of oversimplification if they are not careful. One impetus for simplification is the basic advice given to all who want to improve their writing style: dont get bogged down in details. Good writing needs to be clear and precise, thus helping people to understand an issue rather than confusing them even more. In the process, however, a writer can easily leave out too many details, omitting critical information which needs to be included. Another important impetus which can lead to oversimplification is the overuse of an important tool in critical thinking: Occams Razor. This is the principle of not assuming too many factors or causes for an event than are necessary and is often expressed by saying the simpler explanation is preferable. Although it is true that an explanation should be no more complicated than necessary, one must be very careful not to construct an explanation which is less complicated than necessary. A famous quote attributed to Albert Einstein states, Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler. Examples and Discussion of Oversimplification Here is an example of oversimplification which atheists often hear: 1. School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down ever since organized prayer was banned at public schools. Therefore, prayer should be reintroduced, resulting in school improvement. This argument obviously suffers from oversimplification because it assumes that problems in schools (increasing violence, decreasing academic performance) can be attributed to a single cause: the loss of organized, state-mandated prayers. A myriad of other factors in society are completely ignored as if the social and economic conditions havent changed in any relevant way. One way to reveal the problem in the above example is to reword it slightly: 2. School violence has gone up and academic performance has gone down ever since racial segregation was banned. Therefore, segregation should be reintroduced, resulting in school improvement. Presumably, there are racists around who would agree with the above, but very few of those who make the argument in #1 will also make the argument in #2 - yet, they are structurally the same. The reasons for both examples of oversimplification is actually another Causation Fallacy, known as Post Hoc Fallacy. In the real world, events typically have multiple, intersecting causes which together produce the events we see. Often, however, such complexities are difficult to understand and even more difficult to change; the unfortunate result is that we simplify things. Sometimes that isnt so bad, but sometimes it can be disastrous. Sadly, politics is one field where oversimplification occurs more often than not. 3. The nations current lack of moral standards was caused by the poor example set by Bill Clinton when he was president. Granted, Clinton may not have set the best example imaginable, but it isnt reasonable to argue that his example is responsible for the morality of the entire nation. Once again, there is a wide variety of different factors which can influence the morality of individuals and groups. Of course, not all examples of oversimplification identify as the cause something which is completely irrelevant: 4. Education today isnt as good as it used to be - obviously, our teachers are not doing their jobs.5. Since the new president took office, the economy has been improving - obviously he is doing a good job and is an asset to the nation. Although #4 is a rather harsh statement, it cannot be denied that teacher performance does impact the quality of education which students receive. Thus, if their education isnt very good, one place to look is teacher performance. However, it is a fallacy of oversimplification to suggest that teachers are the sole or even primary cause. With #5, it should also be acknowledged that a president does impact the state of the economy, sometimes for better and sometimes for worse. However, no single politician can take sole credit (or sole blame) for the state of a multi-trillion dollar economy. A common reason for oversimplification, especially in the political realm, is a personal agenda. It is a very effective means for either taking credit for something (#5) or for placing blame on others (#4). Religion is also a field where oversimplification fallacies can be readily found. Consider, for example, a response which is heard after anyone survives a major tragedy: 6. She was saved through Gods help! For the purposes of this discussion, we should ignore the theological implications of a god who chooses to save some people but not others. The logical problem here is the dismissal of all the other factors which contribute to a persons survival. What about the doctors who perform the life-saving operations? What about the rescue workers who spend insane amounts of time and money in the rescue effort? What about the product manufacturers who made the safety devices (like seat belts) which protect people? All of these and more are causal factors which contribute to the survival of people in accidents, but they are too often ignored by those who oversimplify the situation and attribute survival to just a single cause: the Will of God. People also tend to commit the fallacy of oversimplification when they simply dont understand what they are talking about. This is a common occurrence in science debates because so much of the material can be comprehended best only by experts in specialized fields. One place where this is seen quite often are the arguments some creationists offer against evolution. Consider this example, a question which Dr. Kent Hovind uses in an attempt to prove that evolution isnt true and isnt possible: 7. Natural selection only works with the genetic information available and tends only to keep a species stable. How would you explain the increasing complexity in the genetic code that must have occurred if evolution were true? For someone unfamiliar with evolution, this question may seem reasonable - but its error lies in vastly oversimplifying evolution to the point where it becomes unrecognizable. It is very true that natural selection operates with the genetic information which is available; however, natural selection is not the only process which is involved in evolution. Ignored are such factors as mutation and genetic drift. By oversimplifying evolution down to just natural selection, however, Hovind is able to portray evolution as a one-dimensional theory which cannot possibly be true. It is in such examples that an oversimplification fallacy can also become a Straw Man Fallacy if a person takes the oversimplified description of a position and then proceeds to criticize it as if it were the genuine position. Examples and Discussion of Exaggeration Related to, but much rarer than, the fallacy of oversimplification is the fallacy of exaggeration. Mirror images of each other, an exaggeration fallacy is committed when an argument tries to include additional causal influences which are ultimately irrelevant to the matter at hand. We can say that committing a fallacy of exaggeration is a consequence of failing to heed Occams Razor, which states that we should prefer the simpler explanation and refrain from adding entities (causes, factors) which are not specifically necessary A good example is one which is related to one of those used above: 8. The rescue workers, doctors and various assistants are all heroes because, with the help of God, they managed to save all of the people involved in that accident. The role of individuals like doctors and rescue workers is obvious, but the addition of God seems gratuitous. Without an identifiable effect of which can be said to be necessarily responsible, the inclusion qualifies as an exaggeration fallacy. Other instances of this fallacy can be found in the legal profession, for example: 9. My client killed Joe Smith, but the cause for his violent behavior was a life of eating Twinkies and other junk food which impaired his judgment. There is no clear link between junk food and violent behavior, but there are other identifiable causes for it. The addition of junk food to that list of causes constitutes a fallacy of exaggeration because the real causes only end up being masked by additional and irrelevant pseudo-causes. Here, the junk food is an entity which is simply not necessary.

Band of Brothers Book Review Essay - 1205 Words

Band of Brothers E Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne: From Normandy to Hitlers Eagles Nest By Stephen Ambrose ISBN 0-671-76922-7 Review by Kevin Campopiano History 382 Prof. Schweizer Band of Brothers is a book chronicalizing the emotions, bonds, tragedies and tactics used by Easy Company in the 506th Regiment of the 101st Airborne which is one of the highest decorated companies from World War II in the United States armed forces. It is written by Stephen Ambrose, a distinguished history professor at the University of New Orleans and noted American historian and biographer. Easy company was involved in almost every major airborne campaign in the European conflicts of World War II, Even so the book heavily covers†¦show more content†¦Stephen Ambrose is a very thorough and methodical writer who goes through great extents to make sure he writes the most accurate and descriptive scenario possible and has shown this through some of his earlier writings such as his highly acclaimed biographies on Richard Nixon and Dwight Eisenhower as well as his historical writings on the American Civil War. In order to prep for writing Band of Brothers, Stephen Ambrose sifted through thousands of World War II era files and combat reports and eyewitness accounts, but more importantly personally interviewed almost every living soldier from Easy Company among others and got their full detailed first hand versions of the stories he was publishing. If you combine this kind of research with Stephen Ambrose’s attention to even the smallest detail you are not only left with one of the most accurate pieces of historical writing I have ever read, but a writing so precise it almost reads like a play. This first becomes evident during the assault on Brecourt Manor when Ambrose is describing the line drive grenade thrown by Lt. Buck Compton. It is described so perfectly you can almost see it happening, and it goes on like this throughout every chapter. It is hard to think that anyone who hasn’t already seen the HBO miniseries version of this book could possibly be picturing anything else, to the point where it is questionableShow MoreRelatedThe s Epic The Odyssey And The Movie O Brother, Where Art Thou?848 Words   |  4 PagesI have watched O’ Brother, Where Art Thou? hundreds of times before taking this class, but until now I had no idea that it was largely based on The Odyssey, by Homer. 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Alexander Shulgin Free Essays

Ever sense my freshman year in high school, I have always expressed extreme interest in biochemistry and pharmacology. I believe this is because in the past, I have been prescribed many different antidepressant and ADHD medications. I was always very curious as to how these psychoactive medications worked. We will write a custom essay sample on Alexander Shulgin or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would look them up and read all about the different types of antidepressants and how they worked. From selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRl’s) to Norepinephrine- dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRl’s). My fascination with different medications and ow they worked brought me to many different famous biochemists and chemical engineers, but there was one man who always stood out to me. A â€Å"rogue chemist,† named Alexander Shulgin. Sasha, as his friends call him, is widely famous for his discovery of over 230 different psychedelic drugs varying from the 2C family, DOX family, and various other phenethylamines tryptamines. Even with such a gargantuan amount of accomplishments, Shulgin is most famous for rediscovering and resynthesizing methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or as it is most commonly recognized as, MDMA. MDMA is a semi-synthetic drug first discovered some time before 1912. A german pharmaceutical company called Merck first discovered and patented this compound while searching for a medication that would stop bleeding. They never tested it orally, and therefore never found a real purpose for it. Decades later, on September 8, 1976, Sasha synthesized MDMA. Two years later, the first human study was published by Sasha and another chemist by the name of Dave Nichols. They described the effects as â€Å"an easily controlled altered state of consciousness with emotional and sensual overtones. When Sasha discovered its effects after ingestion, he introduced this compound to many psychiatrists, in order for them to allow patients to ingest a small dosage in order to help them speak more freely. The psychiatrists were so impressed by the effects of using MDMA in psychotherapy that they would speak to other colleagues. Word spread very quickly, and many people were astounded by how well it wo rked. Many patients were reported to have said that one session with an administered dosage of MDMA felt like years of therapy. As word got out about a drug that gave you empathy and self-acceptance, use of MDMA slowly became more public. Companies were mass producing this substance and selling it legally due to the fact that if users took a higher dosage, they would feel vast amounts of euphoria. As more reports of MDMA abuse were put in media, the DEA decided to schedule MDMA in the schedule one category. This means they had to prove that MDMA had a high potential for abuse while having no medicinal benefits. Many therapists challenged this idea, and after years of debate, MDMA was scheduled. I can only imagine how upset Shulgin could have been. He had found what was called â€Å"penicillin for the soul. † He had Just discovered a miracle drug capable of llowing a different outlook on life. It allowed patients to open up not only to others, but to themselves. He had heard so many reports from patients exclaiming how this therapy nad changed their lives and allowed them to diagnose their issues and even solve them. It is commonly said that MDMA could still be legal to this day if it had not been for the rave movement and ignorance of others. Sasha has not been shy about letting others know that he is very upset with the outcome of such a powerful medication, and for good reason. He has worked with the Drug Enforcement Administration many times and has eceived many awards for his work. In fact, in order to carry out consulting work with the DEA, Shulgin obtained a DEA Schedule I license for an analytical laboratory, which allowed him to possess and synthesize any illicit drug. Sasha set up a chemical synthesis laboratory in a small building behind his house, which he uses to synthesize and test the effects of psychoactive drugs to this day. His laboratory is littered with Jars and Jars of various compounds with their chemical structure drawn on them, which he calls his dirty pictures. Over the course of this time, he has written nd recorded the synthesis of these various compounds in two different books titled PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved) and TIHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved). He is working on his last book now. Even with his many accomplishments, Shulgin is in no way rich. His only source of income continues to be from the books he has published. He has never sold any of his substances or withheld information on how to synthesize certain compounds. His creations have only made their way to the streets through chemists in China who read through his books and notes and create these compounds in their laboratories o then export to the United States in a completely legal manner, as these drugs are almost completely unheard of and unclassified. As Sasha gets older, he suffers from many different ailments, and has no way to pay for them except through donations, which he has only recently started to accept. He lives a quiet, modest life with his wife and he refuses to conduct any more interviews. I understand why many people consider drugs a taboo subject. I am sure some people may even consider it inappropriate to discuss in a high school classroom, but l, Just like Alexander Shulgin and many others, find extreme interest in psychoactive ompounds and how they can affect our world. Without the study of the more extreme side effects of compounds, how we can expect to progress in our world of modern medicine? Just because a chemical can be abused, does not mean that we should probihibit not Just the possession of said compound, but also the study of it. We live in a world of fear and ignorance, and if we do not fght it, we will never progress. If Sasha has taught me anything, it is to fight for what I believe is morally correct, and I advise you all to do the same. Long live Alexander Shulgin and his dirty pictures. How to cite Alexander Shulgin, Papers

Case Study Magistrate Act

Question: Discuss about theCase Studyfor Magistrate Act. Answer: Magistrate Court Magistrate court is guided by the Magistrate Act 1989. It is considered to be the lowest court in the hierarchy of the courts in Australia. The Magistrate court provides independent justice to the people within its jurisdiction according to the rule of natural justice. The justice by the Magistrate court is easily accessible by the people within the jurisdiction of the magistrate Court. Being the lowest court in the hierarchy, Magistrate court is the busiest court. Maximum cases start in this court. Magistrate court has the power to transfer the cases to the higher court in the hierarchy, if the Magistrate court thinks that the matter of the case should be heard by the higher court or the matter of the case is outside the jurisdiction of the Magistrate court. The Magistrate court, if it wants or thinks fit can also settle any case outside the court by the way of Alternative Dispute resolution. The court is headed by the Magistrate who is a civil officer which provide justice by way o f equal law to the people coming in for justice. The Magistrate court has the power and jurisdiction over both the civil and criminal matters. It mainly deals with the tort law, penalties and fine, any kind of traffic offences family matters, any money claims and other criminal matters, (MAGISTRATECOURT, 2016). The Magistrate Court also has the jurisdiction and can execute its power on the matter of the Koori court, Drug Court, Childrens Court of Victoria, etc. Extra-judicial programs like Court Integrated Program, Enforcement Review Program, Aboriginal Program etc., are also held by the Magistrate Court. Section 25 and section 100 of the Magistrate Act, 1989, states about the criminal jurisdiction and civil jurisdiction respectively, (LEGISLATION, 2016). Section 25 states that the Magistrate Court has the power to hear and determine all the summary offences. Section 100 of the Magistrate Act 1989, states about the extent of the civil jurisdiction of the Magistrate court, (AUSTII, 2016). It states that the Magistrate court has the power to hear any civil claim to the extent of $100,000. The purpose of the Magistrate court as stated in section 1 of the Magistrate act 1989 is to have quick access over the cases in order to provide justice and to remove the unnecessary court procedures which take lot of time to hear the case and provide justice. The layout of the court room is very simple and easily understood. The seat of the Magistrate is raised from the ground and a table has been placed before the Magistrate with a computer on the top of the table. This can be seen in the front of the court room. There is a seat and a table for the clerk on the left side of the Magistrate with a computer in front. There is a witness box with a small bench in the front. A holy Bible is been placed on the table for the purpose of oath taking. A big screen is placed on the back wall of the witness box for the purpose of the video conferencing. This video conferencing is for the purpose for giving evidence by the witnesses if the witnesses are unable to attend the court in person or if it is dangerous for the accused to come to the court. There is a bench before the Magistrates where the parties to the case sits. There is also a public gallery where general public can sit provided they follow the court room ethics. Every people present in th e court should bow while the Magistrate Enters or exits the court room. Ethical Issues of the Case A criminal case related to breach of diving license condition in a Magistrate Court is been observed in Ringwood. The issue of the said case is that whether there is a breach of section 50AAD of the Road Safety Act committed by the defendant. The breach here has been done by breaching the condition of the driving license where it has been clearly mentioned about the Alcohol interlock and the defendant was driving a car where there was no fitting of the approved alcohol interlock device. After the case, if the defendant would be held guilty then what would be the liability of the defendant or what penalty he is abound to get. Facts of the Case The fact of the case is that Kandaswamy Ganeshalingam was driving the car in Mulgrave on January 7th 2016. He was stopped by the police while driving. He was asked to show the driving license. As he showed his full Victorian driving license in order to prove his identity, the police came to know that the particular license was subject to Alcohol interlock condition. But the car which was driven by the defendant does not contain any alcohol interlock condition. after questioning, the defendant said that he was driving another car and not the car that was having the alcohol interlock condition, (MAGISTRATESCOURT, 2016). The prosecution (police) read out the facts of the case and the lawyer of the defendant submitted more facts before the honorable court and provided the court with the reason that why at the time of interception by the police the defendant was not driving the car that was fitted with the alcohol interlock device. The lawyer of the defendant pleaded on behalf of the defendant that the daughter of the defendant was driving the car on the way to Springvale shopping center for the purpose of shopping. The defendant got a phone call from the wife of the defendant at the time when both the father and daughter were busy in shopping. The wife of the defendant told him that she was really very sick and she wants the defendant urgently at home. The medical report was submitted in the court which stated that the wife of the defendant was seriously sick on that day. At the time of the phone call by the wife of the defendant, the defendants daughter was very busy in shopping. The defendant could not wait for her daughter to finish her shopping. So the defendant took his daughter car and drove back to his house to see his wife. At the timing he was driving back, the police intercepted him and asked for the license. After that it was known that the license had the alcohol interlock condition and the car which was driven by the defendant was no having any such device. Therefore, the defendant was charged for the breaching of section 50AAD (1) (a) of the Road safety Act1986. Relevant Laws The section 50AAD of the road safety act deals about the offences and immobilization. It has been stated there that any person whose driving license has the condition of alcohol interlock and the person is not acting accordingly is breaching the section. Any person who is driving a motor vehicle having alcohol interlock condition but the alcohol interlock device is not working or disengaged, or is not according to the instructions given by the manufacturers for using the alcohol interlock device also breaches the said section. The person found guilty of the offence of breaching subsection (1) of the section 50AAD is liable to be imposed with fine of 30 penalty units or with imprisonment for not less than 4 months, (LEGISLATION, 2016). The subsection (3) of the section 50AAD, (AUSTII, 2016) of the act is the defence that can be made by the defendant who has been accused of breaching the section 50AAD of the Road safety Act. Appraisal of Legal Argument by the Counsel As it was found that the license of the defendant was a subject to the alcohol interlock condition, so by driving the car of the daughter of the defendant which was not having any alcohol interlock device, the defendant has breached the law mentioned in the section 50AAD (1) (a) of the Road Safety Act, 1986, which is very clear to the court. The section 50AAD (3) (b) of the Road Safety Act, 1986 states about the defence which may be taken up by the defendant to escape from the liability for the breach of alcohol interlock condition present in the license of the defendant. But by the set of the facts that has been provided to the court on behalf of the defendant does not fulfill the condition required to satisfy the section 50AAD(3) (a) of the Road safety Act to get free from the liability of breaching the said section. Even the defendant very much knew and has realized that by driving his daughters car without alcohol interlock device, he has acted against the condition of his driving license. Therefore, the counsel of the defendant was unable to establish the defence properly. After finding that the defendant does not have any defence on its part and has clearly breached the section 50AAD (1) (a), the learned counsel for the defendant realized that the defendant is in a position to get imposed with liability for the breach of section 50AAD (1) (a). Hence, instead of submitting any further defence and arguing for the same, the counsel for the defendant started arguing for the liability which was to be imposed on the defendant by the court. The counsel argued to lessen the liability to be imposed on the defendant. The defendant at the time of argument said that the defendant wanted to see his wife as she was sick and needed attention of the defendant and so the defendant drove the car and his daughter was nowhere in the scene as she was busy in shopping. The counsel even stated that the defendant was not financially stable to bear the fine that is to be imposed on him as he is a worker in a factory and does not have enough money and also he does not have any other source of income. Therefore, the defendant will not be able to pay huge fine and if a huge fine is imposed on him then justice will not be given to the defendant. Assessment of the Judgment The Magistrate heard the argument made by the counsel of the defendant and came to the conclusion. The Magistrate was in a view that the defendant should have the knowledge about the risk that was involved while driving the car which was not having alcohol interlock device. The defendant should also have acted with respect to the condition mentioned on his driving license. The Magistrate referred the defendant by saying that the defendant could have been sent to jail for breaching the condition of the driving license. The defendant was also referred by the Magistrate by saying that the defendant should be careful and should not repeat the same act in the future. The Magistrate gave his judgment by imposing a fine of $750 and $79 should be paid for the court fee. The defendant should pay the fine within 3 months from the date of the judgment. He was also given an option to pay the fine in Dandenong Magistrate Court. By the argument made by the counsel for the defendant and the judgment made by the court, it can be seen that the court has considered the facts of the case and the seriousness of the circumstances that could have been occurred. As the court has lessen the liability of the defendant, it is clearly understood that the court has considered the emergency of the defendant to dive the car and also that he was not financially strong to bear the fine. Reference Austii. (2016). Magistrates Act 1989. Retrieved from austii.edu.au: www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/mca1989214/notes.html Austii. (2016). Road safety act 1986. Retrieved from austtii.edu.au: www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/rsa1986125/s50.html Legislation. (2016). Magistrates Act 1989. Retrieved from legislation.vic.gov.au: www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/... PDF file Legislation. (2016). Road Safety Act. Retrieved from legislation.vic.gov.au: www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/... PDF file Magistratecourt. (2016). Magistrate Court Act 1989. Retrieved from magistratecourt.vic.gov.au: https://www.magistratescourt.vic.gov.au/.../magistrates-court-act-1989 Magistratecourt. (2016). Road Safety Act. Retrieved from magistratescourt.vic.gov.au: https://www.magistratescourt.vic.gov.au/.../road-safety-act-1986

Australian Organizations Adoption of Sustainability Reporting

In sustainability development, sustainable reporting is defined as the methodology of assessing, revealing and being responsible to external and internal stakeholders for the performance of the company. This performance is aimed in achieving the target of sustainable development. On that aspect, there are different requirements necessary for global sustainability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Organizations’ Adoption of Sustainability Reporting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These include the committed by individuals in their various businesses supported by other crucial players such as the government, communities and markets among others. Therefore, sustainability reporting when viewed from the perspective of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) lays emphasis on enterprise reporting as a way of enhancing sustainability. On that account, this essay aims at tackling the key issues that pertains to various organizations that have adopted sustainability reporting in Australia in this 21st century (BosBrouwers 2010, p. 424). Alternatively, the paper evaluates the different reasons held by various writers in trying to demystify reasons for adopting sustainability reporting. Furthermore, the discussion delves into the approaches taken by various organizations in Australia in planning and implementing sustainability reporting. On that line, the essay has selected tow not-for-profit organizations within Australia that have embraced this technique of sustainable development in enriching both its stakeholders and the community at large. These two organizations include the Australian Council of Social Service (ACSS) and Australian Reward Investment Alliance (ARIA) which both play critical roles in conservation of environments and taking part in philanthropic activities within the community. Additionally, the discussion also dwells on comparison and contrasts between the aforemention ed companies in terms their respective approaches of sustainability reporting (ProcessMAP Corporation 2011, p.2). This comparison and contrast stresses on the issues of collecting data and disseminating report information to their individual recipients. Furthermore, sustainability reporting can takes various steps such as Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the Natural Step or even the triple bottom line in ensuring effective reporting of its information.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In sustainability reporting, different writers have different versions of adopting sustainability reporting. For example, according to Barnett White, adoption of sustainability reporting will facilitate price performance of commodities meant to last long. Additionally, the author adds, such reporting assists in the better assessment that deals with organizations and their time. Similarly, Whit e stresses that the essence of sustainability reporting will work as an operational strategy for a majority of companies. Alternatively, Peter Newton maintains that adopting sustainability reporting deters the government through its public officers do not extend harm to various sectors of the society (Ryder System, Inc. 2012). These include the social, economic and environmental sectors of a state, region or country it is mandated to rule even after vacating office. Furthermore, Newton says, it permits a holistic perspective of the realization of management issues and incorporation of sustainable development. On the other hand, according to Goodman and Michelson, adopting sustainability reporting assists an organization in establishing its repute and risk management. Furthermore, the writers continue, reporting on sustainability assists a company in attaining, restoring and repairing its legitimacy. On that aspect, the reporting affects the public admiration of the organization in t erms of its management techniques, decisions and its major stakeholders in business. There are different approaches that organizations apply in planning and implementing sustainability reporting. For instance, certain companies take to reducing waste in order to save costs. Similarly, other organizations adopt a legal compliance approach whereby it guards against legal expenses and fines incase environmental destruction is prevented. Another suitable approach is evaluation of general sustainability frameworks and identifying the quality approach that suits your company. On that account, it is imperative to deal only with the frameworks that work best for your organization. For example, an organization can either use triple bottom line, the Global Reporting Initiative or the Natural Step. In addition, the organization can decide to assess both its opportunities and threats and refining its purpose for better sustainability. Therefore, it is critical to link sustainability to the enti re strategy of planning and implementation to assist in setting up of priorities (Davidson Wilson 2011, p. 52).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Organizations’ Adoption of Sustainability Reporting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Similarly, adopting the approach of impact of evaluation on a high-level basis for the company is crucial in selecting areas of priority when planning and implementing sustainability reporting. On that note, the procedure can be conducted at work-group and departmental stages when required in the present or the future years. Additionally, other companies apply the strategy of effective communication to its various stakeholders with the intention of receiving a workable feedback in its planning and implementation in sustainable reporting. In terms of adopting sustainability reporting, most Australian companies have taken different approaches in assisting its various com panies. These companies or organizations are mostly fond in the construction industries, public transport sectors and the not-for-profit community services sectors among others. Therefore, in this case, we are going to pick only two companies drawn from the sector of not-for-profit organizations. For example, the Australian Council of Social Service convenes yearly conferences addressing sustainable development. Similarly, it is engaged in Mining Certification Evaluation Project (2006) that deals with mining corporations and an initiative pertaining to the protection of wild animals through its organization, the WWF. Another not-for Profit Company is Australian Reward Investment Alliance which has adopted its sustainability reporting through the concepts of social responsibility through volunteering activities. Furthermore, the organization adopts its sustainable reporting by creating more jobs and getting involved in charity work around the regions of Australia. Apart from playing a critical role in creation of jobs and doing charity work, this organization also caters for child welfare and services through provision of funds and services. The not-for-profit organization is also involved in the preservation of environment through beautification and protection of wildlife. Therefore, when it comes to approaches of sustainability reporting in terms of collecting data and presenting report information, the two companies have both similarities and differences. For instance, in the aspect of sustainability reporting through report presentation, they both use public media and in its various briefings with the intention of getting a feedback. In addition, they both take part in activities that are of benefit to the community.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This include the conservation of the environment through preservation of natural resources, participating in philanthropic activities such as offering of grants, volunteerism in charity roles and raising funds to support different projects. In contrast, there are also differences between these organizations when it comes to their respective ideals and corporate missions (Hussy, Kirsop Meissen 2001, p. 143). For example, the ACSS as a not-for-profit company disseminates its information on a regular basis unlike ARIA that is cautious with its sustainable reporting for enhancement of sustainable development. Another difference lies in strategies used in sustainable reporting by both entities towards their respective stakeholders. On that perspective, while ACSS applies primary methods of collecting data such as interviews, tape recording and questionnaires, ARIA employs secondary techniques which include books, journals, periodicals and internet sources. In summary, we can say in orde r to acquire sustainable development is different spectrums of life then the sustainable reporting must be of high standards. However, to achieve the high standard, there are requisite observations that should be made to help in the achievement of sustainable reporting. For instance, various companies engaged in the dissemination of sustainable reporting with the aim of attaining sustainable development need to focus on the various platforms of communicating to its recipients with the aim of reaching their corporate goals and missions (Strong Hemphill 2008, p. 400). In addition, when gathering data for sustainable reporting in terms of data collection, a variety of methods should be applied. These entail using both primary and secondary techniques in order to collect data from different sources. On that note, primary techniques include use maps, surveys, and questionnaires among others, while secondary methods include use of books and internet sources. Similarly, sustainable report ing can be enhanced through use of Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), the Natural Step or even the triple bottom line for quality dissemination of information to its individual recipients. Furthermore, various companies founds in different sectors such as the construction industry, mining sector, public transport sector and not-for-profit organizations should embrace the initiative of participating in activities that promote the well-being of the community (Davidson Wilson 2011, p. 54). This is through initiatives such as helping in the preservation and conservation of the environment, taking in charitable activities through volunteerism and donation of funds to child-related projects. Furthermore, their roles should extend to the protection of wildlife and habitat that sustains such game to ensure to a smooth flow of the ecosystem. References BosBrouwers, H 2010, ‘Corporate sustainability and innovation in SMEs: Evidence of themes and activities in practice’, Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 19, no.7, pp. 417-435. ProcessMAP Corporation 2011, ‘ProcessMAP Software Streamlines Sustainability Reporting Based on Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Guidelines‘, Business Wire. Web. Ryder System, Inc. 2012, ‘Ryder Publishes Corporate Sustainability Report‘, Business Wire. Web. Davidson, K Wilson, L 2011, ‘Australia’s progress undefined: A critical review of measures of Australia’s progress (MAP)’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 47-57. Hussy, D, Kirsop, P Meissen, R 2001, ‘Global reporting initiative guidelines: An evaluation of sustainable development metrics for industry’, Environmental quality management, vol.11, no.1, pp. 1-20. Mining Certification Evaluation Project 2006, Project Overview. Web. Strong, W Hemphill, L 2008, Sustainable development policy and practice, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. This essay on Australian Organizations’ Adoption of Sustainability Reporting was written and submitted by user Midnight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Phosphorus essays

Phosphorus essays The element that is featured in this report is phosphorus. Phosphorus is a chemical element that human beings, animals, and plants need for normal growth. The main use of phosphorus is fertilizer. It was difficult to find a lot of different information on this element. Phosphorus is a nonmetallic chemical element that can exist in several different forms. The chemical symbol for phosphorus is P, its atomic number is 15, and its atomic weight is 30.975. Phosphorus was first prepared by the German alchemist Hennig Brandt in 1669; in the course of his search for the philosophers stone he obtained from a residue of evaporated urine a white solid that glowed in the dark and ignited spontaneously in the air. The name phosphorus is Greek for light-bringing. The name at that time was used for any substance that glows of itself, and was eventually given to this element. Phosphorus does not occur in elemental form in nature; it is found most commonly in apatite minerals such as fluorapatite. Their are at least ten forms of the element that are known, occurring within red, white, and black phosphorus categories or as mixtures of them. White phosphorus consists of molecular P(4) and can exist in an alpha form, which is stable at room temperature, and a beta form, stable below -78 deg C. White phosphorus is a waxlike substance, very toxic and extremely flammable. When it is exposed to air in the dark, it emits a greenish light and gives off white fumes. It can ignite spontaneously. Red phosphorus is a more stable form than white. Red phosphorus is a brownish-red powder and it can be obtained by heating white phosphorus to 250 deg C in a closed vessel or exposing white phosphorus to sunlight Red phosphorus is often considered a mixture of white and black phosphorus. It neither phosphoresces nor spontaneously burns in air. Red phosphorus should be handled carefully at certain temperatures because it can ...

Comparison between Christianity and Hinduism based on the seven Essay

Comparison between Christianity and Hinduism based on the seven dimensions of religion - Essay Example On experiential and emotional dimension, Hinduism believes in Brahma the mother Goddess and the trinity of Brahma, Vishnu is the protector and Shiva the Destroyer and several hundreds of gods thought to emanate from the mother Goddess Brahman. In this tradition, God and trinity are one in their purest form and mother Goddess is worshipped. In the Christian traditions, God and the trinity are quite different. Some Christians worship Virgin Mary as the Holy mother. On narrative Christian traditions describe Earths creation, starting with the universe and final creation of man. Additionally, the early life of Gods creations is described, this forms the Old Testament in the bible, and later on the life of Jesus is narrated. In Hinduism, formation of the universe has been narrated, basing on the fact that it formed through a gradual process caused by Prakrit. On Social and institutional approach there are no rules on how God reveals himself, or how he chooses messengers in Hinduism. God i ncarnates himself, physically reveals himself or as such, chooses heavenly beings or a pure soul to accomplish his work. It is believed that, his final incarnation will happen at the end of this cosmic period. However, in Christian traditions it is believed that Jesus is no equal to man. it is believed that no more messiahs will come, until only the second coming of Christ. On ethical and legal rules, Hinduism believes in forgiveness, prayers, inner purity, as a way for earning Gods grace, and as a way for soul liberation. In the Christian traditions, such beliefs are the means by which man abides by Gods law and indeed personify the will of Jesus Christ as well as Christian values. Liberation from sin is not personally achieved but it is through the faith in Jesus and the teaching on Gods law. On Doctrinal and philosophical dimension, the bible forms the basis for the Christian principles and values. Indeed the Roman church acknowledges traditions in line with the bible as the prim ary source for the doctrine. Christianity has been instrumental in the shaping of Islam and Jainism. In Hinduism, the pillars of the traditions originate from the smritis, or as such the books of revelation. As such traditions, the epics, law books, and the writing of different philosophers serves as a guide to the spiritual life of the Hindus. Notably, Hinduism has been instrumental in shaping the history of Buddhism, Sikhism and Jainism. Lastly, on material Christians use Palm branches as a symbol of victory. The burning bush depicts Gods divine power. In Hinduism, the Om or Aum has been used as a symbol for piety where it is enshrined in Hindu temples and some family shrines. As such Om has been used to symbolize divinity, as well as authority. In addition, swastika is used which symbolizes the eternal nature of Brahman. Christian sub traditions include Catholicism, orthodox Christians, Protestants and Anglicanism. The catholic doctrines proclaim that the church is infallible to the dogmatic teaching on morality and faith. Protestants belief in bible authority, while Orthodox Christians is a set of governing churches affiliated to the eastern Christian traditions. In Hinduism, the main sub traditions include the Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Shaivism as well as, Smartism. As such the denominations share common rituals and belief as well as, traditions. However, each denomination has its own philosophy concerning the achievement of the ultimate goal in life. As In this denomination, a follower believes in the deity Vishnu. Secondly, Shaivism forms the second largest religious community

American History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American History - Term Paper Example The United States may hold values that are similar to Christian values, but the fact of the matter remains that the country was founded on the ideals of Enlightenment, which meant moving away from the relationship between Church and state. Those who believe that the United States was founded as a Christian nation will point to the fact that many of the laws found in the country are similar to those of British Common Law, which is largely based on the Ten Commandments. Also, early historical documents frequently contain the word God, which could point to the nation being founded on these principles. The truth, however, is that the United States was largely founded on the idea of religious freedom. This is because the Anglican Church had so much power in Great Britain, and many separatists wished to escape this sort of environment. Also, while the Declaration of Independence does contain references to a higher power, there is no direct reference to a Christian God, nor does the Declaration have any impact on how the country was founded. This is because the Declaration, while an important historical document, is not lawful in any way and, therefore, does not affect the foundation of the country. Those who believe that the country was not founded on Christianity would argue that the founding fathers wished to eliminate the connection between Church and state. This was a manner of granting citizens complete freedom, including freedom of religion. In fact, the first treaty that the United States ever entered into was the Treaty of Tripoli, which stated, â€Å"As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquillity, of Musselmenâ€Å" (Walker). This document was produced by the founding fathers and stated that there was no connect, so it should be taken at what it says. There will always be the

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT - 1

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Typical causes of infertility in female entail; autoimmune disorder, cancer, diabetes, hormonal imbalance, old age, intrauterine growth such as fibroids, clotting disorders, pelvic infection, poor nutrition and surgery to prevent pregnancy for example tubal ligation. The most common cause of infertility is impotence and hormonal imbalance. Treatment of infertility depends on the cause. Emotional causes can be prevented through education and counseling. If the cause of infertility is infections, then infection treatment can be considered an effective remedy. Various options have emerged regarding treatment of infertility. Medication such as hormonal injection can help restore the hormonal balance hence increasing chances of fertility. Artificial insemination entails inserting a donated sperm cell into the womb of a woman with an intention of treating infertility and allowing fertilization to take place (Lumley& Judith, 30). In vitro fertilization is a method of fertility treatment which involves combing sperm and egg outside the body and transferring the embryo into the uterus after fertilization. Surrogate pregnancy entail the transfer of an embryo made by combining both the male and female gamete into the womb of another woman in cases where the biological mother is unable to carry the pregnancy as a result of compli cations. Complication such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome may emerge due to excessive stimulation of the ovaries as a treatment for infertility. The signs of the syndrome are to be detected earlier for effective treatment. Use of certain drugs to stimulate the ovary has been known to increase the risk of cancer. Egg removal during in vitro fertilization can result to injuries to other organs and sometimes pelvic infection. Other complications involve ectopic pregnancy and heterotopic pregnancy. Symptom in male includes presence of warts on the penis or the scrotum area while female may have the warts

Globalisation and Internationalisation

Globalisation and Internationalisation Introduction In most economic industries of the world Globalization and Internationalization has become very common. The dictionary meaning of Globalization taken from (Oxford Dictionaries, 2014) is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale and according to (Maringe Foskett, 2012) internationalization is an approach to designing products and services that are easily adaptable to different cultures and languages across national borders. When we look at the automotive industry, pharmacy industry, electronic industry or communication industry etc. we come to know that all business models operating within them are often really globalized or at least multi-national. This can be the reason that why these multi-national companies gain commanding importance in the entire world economy. Before we can know how well a business can operate in an economy, we need to know the place where it is operating and for this purpose this paper will consider Indonesia and Singapore from the ACEAN economic region. Indonesia Economy Indonesia is world’s 18th largest economy and has been remarkably growing after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). The economy is well stable even after the GFC 2009 because of the prudent financial macroeconomic policy of the country. The country enjoys rising per capita GDP and low borrowing costs. However every country has some risks attached to business activity and they differ from one another country to country. (Forbes, 2013) Singapore’s economy Generally speaking about Singapore’s economy has earned a well good reputation. The strong growth and flexibility of free economy has earned the small country name â€Å"Asian Tiger†. The economy of Singapore provides transparent administration and an efficient infrastructure for any reliable business and investment to grow. Environmental Factors impacting Business If there is something that is changing and steadfast it is change itself. Change is inevitable and those business who tend not to follow up the change are likely to fail or in terms of not having a long term survivability. There many events, scenarios or situations that occur and affect the way in which a business operates in a positive way or either negative way. Such things are called the driving forces or environmental factors. Types of Environmental Factors Internal: Some change occur within the business and impact it directly such changes include machinery and equipment, technological capacity, management systems, culture of organization, financial or employee management or staff moral etc. External: Events or changes occurring outside the company and are usually not under the control of the company some of these include industry itself, the economy of the particular country in which it operates, demographics, competition, political interference. Whatever are the causes whether they are external or internal the thing is change will occur and a company must be flexible and have a willing attitude to respond to them in an appropriate way. There are number of environmental or driving forces such as: Social Political Financial Product Quality Distribution Channels Leadership Employees Economy of the country Structural Changes Policies and Procedures For the sake of clarity we take Political factor of the above two companies and see how this factor is impacting on any business that operates in these economies Analysis of Political Factor on Business For the purpose of starting a new business and entrepreneurs needs almost more than 4 months to complete the necessary paperwork as compared to Singapore which is less than 15 days. The Government of Indonesia and it policies for new foreign investments is not openly welcomed because of the ironclad rule of President Suharto which created dissent slowly and steadily within the system while Singapore welcomes any direct foreign investment that help the local cause making it more politically stable for business then Indonesia. (Doing Business, 2013) The factor of red tapes reported by the World Bank study shows that due to low salaries at political and law level it create more chances for the officials to take bribe at every legal business transaction which further hampers the business not to take part fully in the economy. (Engel, 2012) The setup of Bank Restructuring Agency or IBRA by the Indonesian Government was a step ahead in the crisis to recapitalization or closure of insolvent banks and management of corporate indebtedness which makes a profitable availability of consumer credit. This led to increased business activity as more credit is available for doing business. But later the bank also could not maintain its growth since its inception due to fluctuations in the economy and policies that govern it. (New York Times, 2003) According to Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, PERC, Singapore enjoys the least risks involved in the political sector of the country which makes to do business of any kind more encourage able. The political stability of the Singapore makes it a vital place to do investment and business. (Singapore Economic Development Board, 2013) The Government and political status of both the concern countries are verily different meaning there is corruption and instability in Indonesia for doing business and Singapore is ranked 3rd in Asia in transparency. Political factor impact the operation of the business directly meaning if you are easily well aware of the legal and political laws for doing business in the country the business will grow otherwise investments tend to low and organization interest fade away to do business in that particular country. Works Cited Doing Business, 2013. starting a Business in indonesia. [Online] Available at: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/indonesia/starting-a-business [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Engel, S., 2012. The World Bank and the post-Washington Consensus in Vietnam and Indonesia: Inheritance of Loss. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. Forbes, 2013. Indonesia. [Online] Available at: http://www.forbes.com/places/indonesia/ [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Maringe, F. Foskett, N., 2012. Globalization and Internationalization in Higher Education: Theoretical, Strategic and Management Perspectives. New York: AC Black. New York Times, 2003. Indonesian Bank Agency Fading Out. [Online] Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/02/business/indonesian-bank-agency-fading-out.html [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Oxford Dictionaries, 2014. Definition of globalization in English. [Online] Available at: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/globalization [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Singapore Economic Development Board, 2013. FACTS AND RANKINGS. [Online] Available at: http://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/why-singapore/about-singapore/facts-and-rankings/rankings.html [Accessed 24 September 2014].

Appearance Vs. Reality :: essays research papers

Appearance vs. Reality in Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Be or Not to Be?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the tale of a young prince determined to uncover the truth about his father’s recent death. Hamlet’s uncle (and also the deceased king’s brother), Claudius, marries his mother the queen, and therefore, takes the throne. In the beginning of the story, Hamlet is told by the apparition of his dead father that it was Claudius who in fact murdered him. The theme that remains consistent throughout the tragedy is appearance versus reality. The characters introduced to us throughout the play appear to be pure and honest, but in reality are infested with evil. They deceitfully hide behind a mask of integrity. Four main dishonest characters which are found to be disguised with righteousness are Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the freshly crowned king Claudius. The first impression presented by these characters are ones of truth, honor, and morality; they are all plagued by evilness and lies in reality. Their appearances serve as obstacles for Hamlet as he struggles to discover the hidden truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The king’s royal assistant, Polonius, has a great preoccupation with appearance. He continually gives the impression of being an affectionate and caring person. He is introduced as a father who deeply cares for his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to Laertes with advice which sounds sincere, yet in truth, is rehearsed, empty, and without feeling. He gives the advice to make others believe he is a strong, loving, role-model type of a father. He is similar to a politician. He speaks strong, influential words, but does not actually mean what he is saying sincerely in the least. Polonius grants his son his blessing to leave Denmark:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!† (Hamlet 46). Within his speech to Laertes, Polonius advises him to not borrow from others, to remain true to himself, and not to lie. Polonius appears to be a caring and trusting father when in fact he sends a spy after Laertes to follow and keep an eye on him. This demonstrates his distrust for his son. He is not the confident father in which he is shown to be. His speech was rehearsed to give the effect that he actually cares and is trustworthy of his son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polonius further adds to the theme of appearance versus reality when he orders his Appearance Vs. Reality :: essays research papers Appearance vs. Reality in Hamlet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Be or Not to Be?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shakespeare’s Hamlet is the tale of a young prince determined to uncover the truth about his father’s recent death. Hamlet’s uncle (and also the deceased king’s brother), Claudius, marries his mother the queen, and therefore, takes the throne. In the beginning of the story, Hamlet is told by the apparition of his dead father that it was Claudius who in fact murdered him. The theme that remains consistent throughout the tragedy is appearance versus reality. The characters introduced to us throughout the play appear to be pure and honest, but in reality are infested with evil. They deceitfully hide behind a mask of integrity. Four main dishonest characters which are found to be disguised with righteousness are Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the freshly crowned king Claudius. The first impression presented by these characters are ones of truth, honor, and morality; they are all plagued by evilness and lies in reality. Their appearances serve as obstacles for Hamlet as he struggles to discover the hidden truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The king’s royal assistant, Polonius, has a great preoccupation with appearance. He continually gives the impression of being an affectionate and caring person. He is introduced as a father who deeply cares for his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to Laertes with advice which sounds sincere, yet in truth, is rehearsed, empty, and without feeling. He gives the advice to make others believe he is a strong, loving, role-model type of a father. He is similar to a politician. He speaks strong, influential words, but does not actually mean what he is saying sincerely in the least. Polonius grants his son his blessing to leave Denmark:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!† (Hamlet 46). Within his speech to Laertes, Polonius advises him to not borrow from others, to remain true to himself, and not to lie. Polonius appears to be a caring and trusting father when in fact he sends a spy after Laertes to follow and keep an eye on him. This demonstrates his distrust for his son. He is not the confident father in which he is shown to be. His speech was rehearsed to give the effect that he actually cares and is trustworthy of his son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polonius further adds to the theme of appearance versus reality when he orders his

Accents Speak Louder Than Speech

Accents Speak louder than Speech What is an accent? An accent is the way you pronounce words. Everyone has an accent. It is insoluble to speak without one. You might consider yourself and others not to but you do. Usually you get your ‘accent’ from how, where and when you grew up, but not everyone has the same accent as the people who live around them. It might change without you noticing from new life experiences. Why do places develop different accents? The main reason for this is human nature. Usually we have an accent, which is roughly the same as the people we live with, because we want to fit in.That is how you learn speech by picking up the way people pronounce each letter. If a group separates into two groups, ie. If half move to Island A and the other half to Island B, and they are kept isolated for centuries, the pronunciation will be so different that you could almost say they were speaking different languages. This is what happened an interminable amount of t ime ago. People had no contact with people who lived far away because there were no phones, no radio, and the only travel was by foot.Another reason is that in the places that other countries invaded such as where the Vikings settled. People were influenced by the way they pronounced the vowels, and that is how the accent adapted. In Lancashire there is a theory that when people used to work in very big noisy cotton mills they had to speak in very loud, high pitched, shrilly voices to be heard and they got used to this and influenced the people around them. There used to be a negative perception of regional accents and RP was favoured, now BBC is positively discriminating in favour of regional accents.British town centres which used to be very different are becoming uniform, but what distinguishes them, are the accents and dialects. Also London is now a big influence to accents in England, because people are commuting in and out every day for work, so accents are disappearing in pla ces such as Oxford, Surrey and Sussex. U and Non-U U stands for upper class and non-u stands for middle class. U’s used a looking glass rather than a mirror, wore spectacles rather than glasses, were richer rather than wealthy.Anyone who was not U for example people who talked about serviettes rather than napkins, would betray themselves as in a U’s view, ‘not one of us’. Toilet was actually a very smart word for Edwardians, then the servants picked it up and used it and it went out of fashion. Being marked as u or non-u is not only about your vocabulary but also about the way you pronounce things, an accent. For example butter is ‘orf’ rather than ‘off’. Also you would say that you have a very nice ‘hice’ rather than home. Today people say that a ‘gentleman’ never pushes a trolley at a supermarket but uses a basket.He never eats between meals, which are breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Received Pronunciatio n RP is the shortened name for Received Pronunciation. It is regionally described as the regional neutral accent. It is widely used as a reference point in dictionaries and as a model for teaching English as a foreign language. The meaning of Received traditionally was ‘’that which is generally accepted† or â€Å"that accepted by the best society†. When people say that someone hasn’t got an accent it is usually referring to RP.

Western Tradition Essay

Western Tradition Essay Sindbad is part of a collection of stories called the Arabian Nights or the 1001 Nights translated by Robert Dawood. The traditional definition of a romance is a long narrative about the adventures of knights or other heroes. Sindbad fits this definition for three main reasons. Therefore, Sindbad is a romance hero.Firstly, Sindbad is a romance hero because he has an innate love of adventure and daring journeys. Sindbad cannot be content with leading a "...jovial and extravagant life..." (Dawood 842) because his heart yearns for the sea. Like a true romance hero, Sindbad is in constant search of adventure.Secondly, Sindbad upholds the codes of chivalry. Although a description of a swashbuckling pirate would fit Sindbad the best, he still has an innate sense of righteousness he follows. He offers the captain "...a rare pearl..." (Dawood ) in return for the rescue of his life. Sindbad also gives "lavish alms to the orphanages and widows" (Dawood ) as a means of helping less fortunate pe ople.Nederlands: Entree Vogel RokThirdly, Sindbad is motivated by a quest. His constant quest is to search for a treasure trove of gold and/or adventure. He searches for gold and jewels to increase his personal prestige and not so much to get rich. If in fact it were the latter, Sindbad would not have given alms to the city. However, he does not always get the money through swashbuckling means. By making saddles for the king and vizier, he is made "...the richest man in the island" (Dawood 844). Sindbad simply cannot pass on an opportunity to get rich. Even when he escapes from the tomb, his love of gold gets the better of him. He "...gathered up all the jewels, pearls, and precious ornaments..." (Dawood 846) as if to benefit from his adventure on the island.

Humanities and Art - Caravaggios David essays

Humanities and Art - Caravaggio's David essays Caravaggios David with the Head of Goliath is truly an important painting expressing a known fact that every painter paints himself in a clear and defining way. It was week one in our Reading of the Arts class when I first saw this painting. My immediate aesthetic response was that it was a gory biblical painting that depicted the triumph of David over Goliath. Although I was right to a certain extent, I did not realize back in week one what the artist was attempting to portray until doing further research on the painting. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio also known as the Anti-Christ of painting was born in Milan, Italy in 1571. While growing up he trained as a painter, and in his early twenties he moved to Rome, the epic center of art. The time period was the early 17th century where art took on Baroque artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear interpreted detail to produce tension, emotion, and drama. The popularity of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Roman Catholic Church. The baroque style was a direct response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in with emotional involvement. Caravaggio, a follower of the Roman Catholic Church, always had a wealth of commissions and patrons because of his many paintings. He lived a very careless, above the law type of lifestyle which he reflects upon in this particular painting. In 1606, Caravaggio was involved in a duel where he killed a master swordsman. Because he could never prove that it was duel for sport, a murder warrant was issued therefore Caravaggio fled Rome. It wasnt until 1610 that Caravaggio painted David with the Head of Goliath ask plea to the Pope begging for his pardon to return to Rome. Some believed that this spectacular oil painting on canvas was just another depiction of the religious tale of David and Goliath, but it is so much more. Like I said before, initially I too thought it was jus...

Business Management Affairs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business Management Affairs - Coursework Example A sole proprietorship brings the authority of running and controlling business activities to a single individual who can make important and minor decisions, control business environment and change policies where necessary. The accounting requirements and legal rules applicable on sole proprietors are less rigid and complex as compared to partnerships and companies. It is also considered to be on e of the cheapest forms of setting up a business (Gitman et al 2008). The advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship, however, need a deeper and keen observation to form a decision based on the examination of the three available options for us. This recommendation would provide advantages and disadvantages of sole trader, Limited Liability Company and partnerships. It would further conclude as to which venture is better for the organization. Advantages of a Sole Trader As highlighted above, there are a number of benefits that sole proprietorship brings for the sole owner of the busin ess. The first and the most rewarding benefit that this kind of business brings is the Controlling power that the owner receives. Sole trading maintains the highest level of autonomy in terms of running the business, choosing activities, methods and making autonomous decisions. A sole proprietor enjoys the autonomy of running the business in a manner that he wishes or considers appropriate to do so. A decision made by sole proprietor is not challenged by others in normal circumstances. The interference of other parties is less likely to influence the decisions of a sole trader and hence, the level of independence is upheld when setting up a business as a sole trader (Mifflin 2004; Gitman et al 2008). The second most attractive effect of dealing as a sole trader is the ability and right to retain the whole profit earned by the business. The sole traders are not required to distribute whole or part of their profits as required in the partnerships and companies. Another benefit that so le traders enjoy is the privacy of their data and business records. The companies are required to publicize their data and submit the annual reports to the companies’ house. The sole trader is free from such formalities required by the law or the stock market rules. It is also argued that sole proprietors are more responsible and specialist in terms of the nature and size of the business they are managing. The argument is supported by the view that sole proprietors are individually responsible for the profits and losses their business makes. Hence, the owners try to exercise such systems and controls which assure the long-lasting survival and profits of the business. In that, sole traders are also quicker and more efficient in making decisions about their business. Their observation of the customer’s demands and expectations help them in making informed judgements of what may help in the long run success of their business. They implement policies and change which aid t he business’s aim (Toit et al 2007; DeFrancesco 2006). Disadvantages of Sole Trader The advantages are not enjoyed without the risks of certain disadvantages surrounding the sole trading. Sole responsibility for the liabilities and losses is one the basic disadvantage that sole traders face. The sole proprietorship, further, does not acquire the separate legal entity status which disables such

Final Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Final - Research Paper Example The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, students of Stanford University willing to create a web database that would help in listing webpages according to their requirements. Till date, Page and Brin hold 16 present of the total share of the company. The project was initially known as â€Å"BackRub† that used links to determine the importance of individual webpages. The company was incorporated as a private company in the year 1998 and was subsequently made public in the year 2004. The main mission of the company is to consolidate the world’s facts and figures and to make them universally available and accessible by the common people (1Google, n.d.). The rapid growth of the organisation is determined to be resulting from its continuous introduction of innovative products, procurement and cooperation outside Google’s basic search engine business. In addition, Google also provides online productivity software along with services such as email (Gmail) an official suite (Google Drive) and social networking sites such as Orkut and Goggle+. Furthermore, along with the mentioned products and services, Google also offers a wide range of desktop products like image editing and instant message service (Barr, 2013). It is worth mentioning that android considered to be one the most used mobile Operating Software (OS) is also owned by Google. The main objective of this paper is to provide a detailed evaluation showing the major reasons behind the rapid strides taken by Goggle in the IT industry. Additionally, it would also provide evidence and data that would reveal why the company is recognised as one of the world’s most secretive organisations (2Google, n.d.). Historical Performance of Google With the increasing internet users around the world, Google has become one of the most popular Information Technology (IT) based entities. Every individual who has been a regular under of Google tends to study the history on how the company w as established and what were the major reasons behind creating such a search engine that has unified every kind of vital information into a single place. The history of Google started in the year 1995. Larry Page and Sergey Brin were two individuals who met each other at University of Michigan, where both of them went to peruse their PhD degree in computer science. The idea of creating Google as a web page started in the year 1996 as a research project by Brin. In the year 1996, both Page and Brin collaborated to create a search engine which was first started by Page and named it as BackRub (3Google, n.d.). The website was developed in the same year and is believed to have operated on Stanford servers for more than a year. However, it has been viewed that the search engine eventually took up much bandwidth in comparison with other search engines available on the World Wide Web (WWW). Considering the growing issue of bandwidth as well as to convert the data gathered by BackRubâ€℠¢s web crawler assumed greater measure of importance for a given webpage. It was then when Page and Brin both developed the PageRank algorithm and realized that the platform can be used to build a search engine which could be far more superior to the entire users in the web. PageRank is a set of rules developed by Page that analyses the relevancy of the back links of a webpage and list them accordingly. The first version of Google webpage was launched in the

Sykes Enterprises Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sykes Enterprises - Case Study Example His primary focus has been financial return and he has used finances as the basis for expansion, retraction and other strategies. However, it is necessary for the top management to reconsider some of the strategies from a financial point-of-view so that it can streamline its current operations. It may not be necessary that a call center should require closure if it is not doing well. There can be consolidation of operations as well as optimization of activities that would result in cost-reduction. Initiative by the top management will be the only reason why call center managers would want to look at their operations and search for cost-minimization strategies. The change should come from the top management to the bottom and this would be the driving factor amongst call center managers for cost reduction. Convergys is the largest market holder in the call center and order processing business. Sykes Enterprises scale of operations is only a fraction of the two market leaders in this business. However, this cannot be attributed to any exceptional strategy on the part of Sykes' competitors. Sykes' aggressive strategy has been in terms of the number of call centers and its cost competitiveness. Sykes Enterprises did not see order processing and bill processing as a major industry and thus its corporate clients were always looking for Sykes when they needed a cost-effective solution. Reliability is one of the key features that is missing from the brand positioning of Sykes in the industry. Thus, Sykes needs to re-consider its position in the industry and work towards improving it from just another low-cost solution to a reliable and smart solutions company - that would work at lower costs not just because of low quality but because it has found the key to strategically reducing costs of its operations. Review of Mission and Objectives Sykes' existing mission and objectives are not very much suited to its operational strategy. Instead of focusing on the low-cost attractions to the corporate world, Sykes should focus on a moderate strategy on using its services and quality of operations as the focal point of attracting corporate customers. It should revise its mission and objectives to incorporate these ideas in its mission and objectives. Further, it should make sure that its strategies reflect this mission. 4.0 Strategic Alternatives and Recommended Strategy Strategic Alternatives It is obvious that Sykes can take more than one action to improve its revenues and build a profitable business. The closure of its operations in India have resulted in consolidation of its costs in the United States. The competitors of Sykes have resorted to opening up call centers in South East Asian nations such as the Philippines to counter the high turnover costs and possible wage rises in Indian cities due to growing economies. It is important for Sykes to focus on its costs and revenues. Sykes needs to increase its revenues and reduce its costs. Sykes can focus on increasing the number of services that it offers from its existing call centers so that the costs of the services do not rise, however, there will be a rise in the revenues for the services. Another recommended

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining Essay Example for Free

Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining Essay Are 2-tier wage systems fair and justified?† Provide supporting data to justify your response. The two tier wage system is usually established by management and sometimes in agreement with a union for three main reasons. The first reason being that the employer wants to pay senior, experienced and productive worker more without increasing overall wage cost. The second reason for the implementation of this system is so that the employer can establish a merit wage scheme that compensates employees without increasing overall costs. The last reason could be that the employer wants to reduce overall cost by hiring new employees at a lower wage than incumbent workers. Unions usually agree to this type of wage system as a tactic that would allow employer to hire future employees at lower wages than senior workers, so as to reduce cost to employers and prevent future layoffs and wage cuts. Unions realize that preserving the jobs, wages and benefits of active union members is first priority. The two tier wage system may be considered fair and justified as in the recession of recent times. This system can be implemented as a strategy to resist the need to lay off workers, and reduce the wages of current workers. Unless there is a recession, the two-tier system is unfair and unjust. During non-recession economic times, employers, especially those in the private sector, may use this system as a way of minimizing cost and maximizing profits, which is unfair to workers. Each worker should be viewed as equal and should be rewarded equally. The two-tier wage system may be viewed as discriminatory, and denies employees the opportunity to thrive and get ahead. Employees who perform the same work should be paid the same the amount. This is the main reason for the labor movement and the reason why people join union. Employees who are being paid more will be constantly in fear of losing their job and be in fear of being replaced by lower-tier employees which will therefore reduce overall morale. Employees who are paid less to do the same work will be in conflict with those who are paid more and this may lead to lower productivity from these workers. In the case that there is a recession it would be beneficial to current employees to agree to a two-tier wage system, so as to preserve their jobs and benefits. The seasoned employee would not have to worry about being paid at the lower level as only new employees are affected. The system should be reversible and should be reversed, once the employer has become profitable again. It would be unfair to keep this system around if the company can afford to revert to the previous system. The United Auto Workers and GM, Ford and Chrysler in 2007, agreed to a two tier wage system, with new employees being paid the lower tier. The CEO of Ford believed that this change in the wage system was necessary to retain jobs. In 2010 under the new wage system Ford hired 1,200 new employees, rather than laying-off workers and closing plants. Two tier wages system can be as strategy for maintaining job security and benefits for current workers during difficult times but should be reversible once the company is again profitable.

Social Work With Children And Families

Social Work With Children And Families Evaluate critically the role of child death inquiries as a vehicle for policy development, and consider the implication for social work with children and families.   The purpose of this assignment is to show a critical understanding of the role of child death inquiries as a vehicle for policy development. This assignment will explore the purpose of child death inquiries. It will show a critical understanding of the complex relationship between family and the state, the tensions between the duty to safeguard children, the parents and childs rights and when the state should intervene. The types of child death inquiries will be investigated examining their purpose, limitations and values. The assignment will examine the impact of changing child welfare policy on organisational structures with reference to multi disciplinary teams. This assignment will show reference to critical evaluation and the bias that may precede it. Finally concluding given the weight of evidence how useful child death inquiries are as a vehicle for policy development. Recently the benefits of child death inquiries and serious case reviews have come under particular scrutiny, this assignment will use evidenced based information and practice to find other approaches or how to improve the form of the inquiry so its benefits outweigh its limitations. The United Nations estimate that every week two children in the United Kingdom die from abuse or neglect (UNICEF, 2003). The United Nations Convention, article 3 on the rights of the child places a duty on countries to protect children from abuse or neglect, the best interests of the child must be the primary concern when making decisions which may affect them, article 6 focuses on the importance of safeguarding their right to life (United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1992). There are two types of child death inquiries; serious case reviews and public inquiries. A serious case review takes place when a child dies and abuse or neglect is suspected. They also take place in other circumstances where serious situations have occurred for example where a child has suffered from serious sexual abuse. The purpose of child death inquiries according to Working Together, 2010 is for agencies and individuals to learn where problems have arisen and to learn from these to improve their practice. The lessons learnt should be given to all individuals who work in this area to ensure they safeguard children in the correct way. When agencies already know where certain problems lie they should improve upon them before the serious case review is finished. A public inquiry for example The Colwell Report (1974), The Climbà © inquiry (2003) is a inquiry ordered by the government to review events, in this case child deaths. To conclude where practice could be improved upon, rec ommendations can be given and lessons can be learnt. Under regulation 5 of the local safeguarding childrens board requires that the local safeguarding children board undertakes reviews of serious cases. Serious case reviews must establish lessons to be learnt, identify which lessons are within agencies and which between and how long they have to act upon the changes to be undertaken. The reviews must also improve upon inter and intra agency working to promote and safeguard the wellbeing of children (chapter 8, Working Together, 2010). Laming (2009) states that serious case reviews are an important tool for learning lessons. Currently there is debate regarding the approach used in serious case reviews some believe that there are different approaches to take to learn lessons from social work practice. Effective safeguarding practice is an approach considered, to learn from what is already proven to work. The obvious aim of child death inquiries is to try and avoid future tragedies. There is a repetitive circle within child protection. Families collide with professionals and most of the outcomes involve protection. The tensions involved between families and professionals involve competition of rights. The Human Rights Act, 1998 article 8 stipulates the familys right to a private family life and to be able to conduct their lives according to their culture and understanding. The opposite to this argument is to ensure all children are protected. When should professionals become involved? Parton (1991) describes the dilemma of how can the state establish the rights of the child and still promote the family to be an independent body in which to raise their children how they see fit and not intervene in all families and consequently reduce its autonomy. Depending on the theoretical viewpoint the professionals and current Government takes would impose when the state should intervene. A laissez-faires government would have little intervention, the professionals would only intervene when abuse or neglect had taken place. However State paternalism is a perspective which favours more involvement of state intervention to protect children from abuse. This theory regards the childs welfare as more important than family autonomy. This perspective was reflected in the Children Act, 1989 as it introduced the expression likely for the child to be in significant harm. If there is a likelihood of significant harm there are possibilities of child protection orders being produced, and in other extensions of state power. Tensions between the duties that social workers have to safeguard children, the familys right to a private family life, the rights of the child, working in partnership with the parents and understanding when the state should intervene cause problems within social work practice. Knowing when to intervene has always been a problem for social workers within this area. Malcolm Hill (1990) found that published child abuse inquiry reports identified working with parents as a common problem. He found that papers noted access difficulties, in a number of cases parents didnt cooperate when the social worker needed to see the child at risk. Hill (1990) concluded that papers found social workers were too ready to believe parents. Hill (1990) concluded that the Colwell report (1974) found that social workers should focus on parents demonstrating their parenting skills and not to assume all was well because the parents said so. Social workers also need to look at the care the child is receiving holistically not focus on single areas of the family where they are showing positive steps, for example social workers may be satisfied as the family are participating in counselling but they need to still look at their parenting at home whilst this continues. Thus depending on the theoretical viewpoint the social worker takes decides when they should intervene. This assignment will adopt a state paternalism perspective, this perspective although draws conclusions that the child is likely to suffer significant harm which may affect the family relationships and autonomy its better to intervene now then wait until abuse or neglect has taken place and then safeguarding the child. This perspective takes a view that children have a high priority in society, they have rights to high standards of care and using this approach ensure that they are protected at all costs by the force of the law (Fox Harding, 1997). Child death inquiries are seen as an important tool used to improve local practice, also implementing wider community health approaches to improve upon infant mortality rates. Bunting and Reid (2005) found that there numerous benefits to serious case reviews taking place these included more effective multi agency working, improved communication between agencies, they found that death certificates had become more informative they also found that from participating in serious case reviews practitioners had more knowledge surrounding child death and the causes of them ensuring a further focus on preventative measures of child death rather than focusing on child abuse. Corby, Doig and Roberts (1998) have found that there is a great concern on the impact of child inquiries on professionals especially social workers, they found that over the inquiries taking place there has been a continual criticism of social workers. The Maria Colwell case made social work practice public and put it under great scrutiny. Professionals within this case became points of focus of criticism, their work was scrutinised in incorrect contexts focusing on training of social workers affecting their morale significantly (Corby et al, 1998). The impact of child death inquiries on social workers and other professionals in this area can be psychological and emotional. Corby et al (1998) argues both sides of the case although child death inquiries highlights poor practice and the need for the public to know why children already known to social services and other departments can still go on to be abused and killed. However the emotional and psychological effects on social workers can be so detrimental because of the scrutiny they are under, their work will be affected, and affecting further work they do. Corby et al (1998) investigated child abuse cases and inquiries and how useful they are and what changes have been made by using child death and abuse inquiries as an approach. Of the seventy inquiries they used between 1945 and 1997 they all produced main recommendations in areas of improving inter agency co-ordination, training of professionals, improving child protection systems and using more experienced staff. Using this information to highlight that changes made between 1945 and 1997 because of the recommendations given havent been obvious because they are still proposing the same issues. Child death inquires do have their place in the public eye specifically when practice goes wrong, nevertheless they have a number of limitations. Child death inquiries affect personal confidence of the social workers and other professionals when they become embroiled within the investigation. Due to the nature of the child death inquiries the public only see the negatives of social workers, social workers fear the association of such inquiries. Practice will not change when inquiries focus solely on the structure of children and families department. If social workers feel like the target when involved in inquiries their work will be affected therefore affecting the work they do further on for example other children may be more at risk because social workers have no confidence in the work they are practicing. To use child death inquiries as a vehicle for policy development may not be the most effective approach to take. Child death inquiries are very expensive. If a more effective approach was to be taken and social workers and other professionals were able to learn more from this different process it would be more beneficial to take this approach than to carry on wasting money and concluding the same issues from all inquiries. Parton (2004) has found that the same issues have been identified on numerous times without any obvious changes in social work practice (Devaney, Lazenbatt and Bunting, 2010). Devaney et al (2010) found that child death inquiries can still be effective but more emphasis needs to be more on recommendations and implementing the recommendations and acting upon them. Devaney et al (2010) also argue that policy makers need more understanding of the difficult situations in which children are at more risk from abuse or neglect. Devaney et al (2010) argue that this can hel p the policy makers express what social workers can do and make a distinction between that and what should be done. Child death inquiries make assumptions that something has gone wrong and that the inquiry can find out what and give recommendations to learn from the mistakes. It assumes that practice will change because of the recommendations given and many inquiries dont focus on acting upon the recommendations, if they did then future inquiries wouldnt produce the same recommendations. Inquiries assume that the method they use is sophisticated. However, research into inquiries and literature has shown that other approaches could be more effective and less intrusive in practice and less strain can be put on professionals. Inquiries assume that multi agency working will be more effective, though if tensions between professionals are tense already these will be difficult to resolve. Inquiries cannot assume that these tensions can be worked at by the professionals they need a superior management style to overlook the different professionals to be able to work effectively together. As well as the implications for social workers individually and for policy makers regarding the process of child death inquiries, organisational structures will be also be impacted upon when changing child welfare policy. Due to changes within organisations, for example changes in roles of professionals involved in child death inquiries the foundations of interprofessional multi agency work are not secure, concluded because inquiries focus excessively on the role of social workers rather than the antecedents of child death or abuse. With regards to the case of Maria Colwell (1974) the Secretary of State Barbara Castle concluded that social workers alone cannot solve the underlying problems. All professionals in this field of child welfare need to understand their role but if child welfare policy continues to change constantly the role cannot be undertaken as professionals have poor ideas of what their role is and how they should practice. All professionals need to work effectively to gether and have an understanding of delivering comprehensive services to diverse communities so no children are lost in the system or ignored. The importance of effective interprofessional multi agency work is such that until there is a balance of role and practice then the safeguarding of future children may be affected. Contemporary social work values may be affected, social workers have their own values personally and from learning from experience. Social workers must focus on human rights and social justice as their motivation for social work. Some critiques may argue that depending on the theoretical framework for example state paternalism some social workers may not be able to justify their motivation to impose this framework in their practice by not letting the family have a right to private family life (Human Rights, article 8) and be too quick to intervene. To ensure anti discriminatory practice social workers must understand different cultures have different behaviours when it comes to parenting. The social worker may thing its not appropriate, the family however believes differently. This can lead to the social worker not act at all. The social worker must ensure anti discriminatory practice, they need to see things from the perspective of the culture the family employs. Though still mainta ining the values and knowledge they have regarding child abuse and when they should intervene. They must keep each case individual and make judgements based on evidence, not on their assumptions. To evaluate how useful child death inquiries are as a vehicle for policy development evidence needs to be considered whilst investigating journal papers to gain an understanding of where bias may occur. Using a wide range of sources gives a broader idea of what has been proven to work in social work practice (Roberts and Yeager, 2006). Research evidence is more valued than other sources, those papers that are repeatable use a large amount of participants are more likely to have less prejudice in concluding how useful child death inquiries are as a vehicle for policy development. Higgs and Jones (2000) propose that evidence is knowledge derived from various sources, which has been tested and found credible. Having read all the information the weight of evidence suggests that changes need to be made to the approach of child death inquiries. The limitations and implications to practice are too substantial to ignore. Professionals and public havent seen any major changes because of the recommendations give by the inquiries. Corby et al (1998) found that of seventy public inquiries between 1945 and 1997 the main focus of recommendations was on improvements on inter agency co-ordination and improving the training of staff. The gap between the time of the death of the child and receiving the results of the inquiry is detrimental to social workers. Corby et al (1998) also argue that the cost inquiries have and the negative impact on social workers affects their future practice and may create more risk to other children they are safeguarding because they dont have the confidence to practice anymore. The most effective approach to take would be one that focuses with less scrutiny on the social w orkers so their confidence is not affected and acts upon the recommendations it has made. Policy can develop by using a different vehicle instead of child death inquiries. At the minute the impact of changing child welfare policy on social workers and organisational structure is considerable. An improved approach to child death inquiries can be more effective in changing policy than the constant changes that are currently happening because of the results from child death inquiries.